rust-kernel

//! VFS (virtual file system): the layer every concrete file system plugs into.
//!
//! Modelled (very loosely) on Linux:
//!
//! * [`Inode`] -- one file or directory *inside some file system*. Knows how to
//!   read/write its bytes at an offset and (for directories) look up, create,
//!   list and remove children. ramfs and FAT32 implement it today; ext2, exFAT
//!   and btrfs will later.
//! * [`FileSystem`] -- a mounted instance (e.g. "the FAT32 volume on vda1");
//!   gives you its root inode.
//! * the **mount table** -- which file system is attached at which path ("/",
//!   "/tmp", "/mnt/disk0"). `lookup("/tmp/x")` finds the longest matching
//!   mount point and walks the rest of the path from that file system's root.
//! * [`file::File`] -- an *open* file (what a file descriptor points to): an
//!   inode plus a current offset, or the console, or a pipe. The per-process
//!   fd table holds `Arc<dyn File>`s, so syscalls don't care what's behind it.
//!
//! Paths: every path is first turned into a clean absolute path by
//! [`normalize`] (relative paths are joined to the process's current
//! directory; ".", ".." and "//" are resolved by plain string processing).
//! That makes ".." work across mount points for free -- real kernels track
//! parent dentries instead, which also handles symlinks (we have none).

pub mod fat;
pub mod file;
pub mod pipe;
pub mod ramfs;

use crate::errno::Errno;
use alloc::{format, string::String, sync::Arc, vec::Vec};
use spin::Mutex;

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum InodeKind {
    File,
    Directory,
}

/// One entry of a directory listing.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct DirEntry {
    pub name: String,
    pub kind: InodeKind,
}

/// A file or directory inside a file system.
///
/// Default method bodies return the error a "wrong kind" of inode would give
/// (e.g. `lookup` on a file -> ENOTDIR), so implementations only override
/// what makes sense for them.
pub trait Inode: Send + Sync {
    fn kind(&self) -> InodeKind;
    /// Size in bytes (files) or number of entries (directories).
    fn size(&self) -> usize;
    /// Read bytes starting at `offset`; returns how many were read (0 = EOF).
    fn read_at(&self, _offset: usize, _buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<usize, Errno> {
        Err(Errno::EISDIR)
    }
    /// Write bytes at `offset` (growing the file if needed).
    fn write_at(&self, _offset: usize, _buf: &[u8]) -> Result<usize, Errno> {
        Err(Errno::EISDIR)
    }
    /// Cut the file to length 0 (for `open(..., O_TRUNC)`, i.e. shell `>`).
    fn truncate(&self) -> Result<(), Errno> {
        Err(Errno::EISDIR)
    }
    /// Find a child of this directory by name.
    fn lookup(&self, _name: &str) -> Result<Arc<dyn Inode>, Errno> {
        Err(Errno::ENOTDIR)
    }
    /// Create a child of this directory.
    fn create(&self, _name: &str, _kind: InodeKind) -> Result<Arc<dyn Inode>, Errno> {
        Err(Errno::ENOTDIR)
    }
    /// All children of this directory (without "." and "..").
    fn list(&self) -> Result<Vec<DirEntry>, Errno> {
        Err(Errno::ENOTDIR)
    }
    /// Delete a child (a file, or an *empty* directory).
    fn remove(&self, _name: &str) -> Result<(), Errno> {
        Err(Errno::ENOTDIR)
    }
}

/// A mounted file system.
pub trait FileSystem: Send + Sync {
    /// Type name, like the `-t` argument of `mount` ("ramfs", "fat32", ...).
    fn name(&self) -> &'static str;
    fn root(&self) -> Arc<dyn Inode>;
}

struct Mount {
    path: String, // normalized, e.g. "/" or "/tmp"
    fs: Arc<dyn FileSystem>,
}

/// The mount table. Lookups take the lock only briefly (never while doing
/// I/O), so it's fine as a spinlock. Not used from interrupt handlers.
static MOUNTS: Mutex<Vec<Mount>> = Mutex::new(Vec::new());

/// Attach `fs` at `path` (absolute, like "/" or "/tmp").
pub fn mount(path: &str, fs: Arc<dyn FileSystem>) -> Result<(), Errno> {
    if !path.starts_with('/') {
        return Err(Errno::EINVAL);
    }
    let path = normalize("/", path)?;
    let mut mounts = MOUNTS.lock();
    if mounts.iter().any(|m| m.path == path) {
        return Err(Errno::EEXIST);
    }
    mounts.push(Mount { path, fs });
    Ok(())
}

/// (mount path, fs type) of every mount, for printing.
pub fn mounts() -> Vec<(String, &'static str)> {
    MOUNTS.lock().iter().map(|m| (m.path.clone(), m.fs.name())).collect()
}

/// Does mount point `mount` contain `path`? ("/tmp" contains "/tmp/x" but
/// not "/tmpfoo"; "/" contains everything.)
fn mount_contains(mount: &str, path: &str) -> bool {
    mount == "/"
        || path == mount
        || (path.starts_with(mount) && path.as_bytes().get(mount.len()) == Some(&b'/'))
}

/// Turn `path` into a clean absolute path. Relative paths start at `cwd`
/// (which must be absolute). "." is dropped, ".." removes the previous
/// component (".." of "/" is "/", like Unix).
///   normalize("/home", "../etc//motd") == "/etc/motd"
pub fn normalize(cwd: &str, path: &str) -> Result<String, Errno> {
    if path.is_empty() {
        return Err(Errno::ENOENT); // like Linux: "" is not a path
    }
    let mut parts: Vec<&str> = Vec::new();
    let joined = if path.starts_with('/') { String::from(path) } else { format!("{}/{}", cwd, path) };
    for component in joined.split('/') {
        match component {
            "" | "." => {}
            ".." => {
                parts.pop();
            }
            name if name.len() > 255 => return Err(Errno::ENAMETOOLONG),
            name => parts.push(name),
        }
    }
    let result = format!("/{}", parts.join("/"));
    if result.len() > 4096 {
        return Err(Errno::ENAMETOOLONG);
    }
    Ok(result)
}

/// Resolve an absolute path to an inode.
pub fn lookup(path: &str) -> Result<Arc<dyn Inode>, Errno> {
    if !path.starts_with('/') {
        return Err(Errno::EINVAL); // callers resolve relative paths first
    }
    let path = normalize("/", path)?;
    // Longest mount point that contains the path wins.
    let (root, rest) = {
        let mounts = MOUNTS.lock();
        let m = mounts
            .iter()
            .filter(|m| mount_contains(&m.path, &path))
            .max_by_key(|m| m.path.len())
            .ok_or(Errno::ENOENT)?;
        let rest = String::from(if m.path == "/" { &path[..] } else { &path[m.path.len()..] });
        (m.fs.root(), rest)
    };
    // Walk the remaining components ("a/b/c") from that file system's root.
    let mut inode = root;
    for name in rest.split('/').filter(|c| !c.is_empty()) {
        inode = inode.lookup(name)?;
    }
    Ok(inode)
}

/// Split a normalized path into (parent directory inode, last component).
fn parent_of(path: &str) -> Result<(Arc<dyn Inode>, String), Errno> {
    let path = normalize("/", path)?;
    let (parent, name) = path.rsplit_once('/').ok_or(Errno::EINVAL)?;
    if name.is_empty() {
        return Err(Errno::EEXIST); // "/" itself
    }
    Ok((lookup(if parent.is_empty() { "/" } else { parent })?, String::from(name)))
}

/// Create a file or directory at absolute `path` (parent must exist).
pub fn create(path: &str, kind: InodeKind) -> Result<Arc<dyn Inode>, Errno> {
    let (parent, name) = parent_of(path)?;
    parent.create(&name, kind)
}

/// Delete the file (`want_dir` false, like `unlink`) or empty directory
/// (`want_dir` true, like `rmdir`) at absolute `path`.
pub fn remove(path: &str, want_dir: bool) -> Result<(), Errno> {
    let normalized = normalize("/", path)?;
    if MOUNTS.lock().iter().any(|m| m.path == normalized) {
        return Err(Errno::EBUSY); // can't delete a mount point
    }
    let inode = lookup(&normalized)?;
    match (inode.kind(), want_dir) {
        (InodeKind::Directory, false) => return Err(Errno::EISDIR),
        (InodeKind::File, true) => return Err(Errno::ENOTDIR),
        _ => {}
    }
    let (parent, name) = parent_of(&normalized)?;
    parent.remove(&name)
}

/// Read a whole file into memory (used to load programs).
pub fn read_all(path: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Errno> {
    let inode = lookup(path)?;
    if inode.kind() == InodeKind::Directory {
        return Err(Errno::EISDIR);
    }
    let mut data = alloc::vec![0u8; inode.size()];
    let mut done = 0;
    while done < data.len() {
        match inode.read_at(done, &mut data[done..])? {
            0 => break,
            n => done += n,
        }
    }
    data.truncate(done);
    Ok(data)
}

/// Boot-time file system setup: a ramfs as "/", with a few files, and a
/// second, empty ramfs mounted at "/tmp" (to exercise the mount table).
pub fn init() {
    let root = ramfs::RamFs::new();
    let dir = root.root();
    let hello = dir.create("hello.txt", InodeKind::File).unwrap();
    hello.write_at(0, b"Hello from the ramfs! This is /hello.txt.\n").unwrap();
    let etc = dir.create("etc", InodeKind::Directory).unwrap();
    let motd = etc.create("motd", InodeKind::File).unwrap();
    motd.write_at(0, b"Welcome to Tyler's kernel. Next up: ext2, exFAT, btrfs.\n").unwrap();
    dir.create("tmp", InodeKind::Directory).unwrap(); // mount point
    dir.create("mnt", InodeKind::Directory).unwrap(); // disks go to /mnt/diskN
    mount("/", root).unwrap();
    mount("/tmp", ramfs::RamFs::new()).unwrap();
}

/// Try to mount every registered partition (and unpartitioned disk) that
/// holds a FAT file system at /mnt/disk0, /mnt/disk1, ... Returns log lines.
/// (Later: also probe for ext2, exFAT, btrfs superblocks here.)
pub fn mount_disks() -> Vec<String> {
    let mut log = Vec::new();
    let devices = crate::block::devices();
    let mut n = 0;
    for (name, dev) in &devices {
        // Skip a whole disk if it has partitions ("vda" when "vda1" exists).
        let has_partitions = devices.iter().any(|(other, _)| other.len() > name.len() && other.starts_with(name.as_str()));
        if has_partitions {
            continue;
        }
        match fat::FatFs::mount(dev.clone()) {
            Ok(fs) => {
                let path = format!("/mnt/disk{}", n);
                let _ = create(&path, InodeKind::Directory); // mount point (may exist)
                let label = fs.label();
                match mount(&path, fs) {
                    Ok(()) => log.push(format!("{}: FAT32 volume \"{}\" mounted at {}", name, label, path)),
                    Err(e) => log.push(format!("{}: mount at {} failed: {:?}", name, path, e)),
                }
                n += 1;
            }
            Err(e) => log.push(format!("{}: not a FAT file system ({:?})", name, e)),
        }
    }
    log
}