rust-kernel

//! Interrupt handling: the IDT, CPU exception handlers and hardware IRQs.
//!
//! The IDT (Interrupt Descriptor Table) maps each interrupt vector number to
//! a handler function:
//!   * vectors 0..=31  are CPU exceptions (divide error, page fault, ...)
//!   * vectors 32..=47 are where we remap the 8259 PIC's 16 hardware IRQs
//!   * 0x40, 0x41, 0xFF come from the local APIC (see apic.rs): its timer,
//!     the "reschedule" IPI one CPU sends another, and spurious interrupts
//!
//! All CPUs share this one IDT. Device IRQs (PIT, keyboard) only ever
//! arrive on CPU 0; APIC timer ticks and IPIs arrive on every CPU.
//!
//! Handlers use the special `extern "x86-interrupt"` calling convention: the
//! compiler saves/restores all registers and returns with `iretq`.

use crate::{gdt, println, serial_println};
use core::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
use lazy_static::lazy_static;
use pic8259::ChainedPics;
use x86_64::structures::idt::{InterruptDescriptorTable, InterruptStackFrame, PageFaultErrorCode};

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// 8259 PIC (Programmable Interrupt Controller)
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// The PICs deliver IRQ 0..15 on vectors 0..15 by default, which clash with
/// CPU exceptions. We remap them to 32..47.
pub const PIC_1_OFFSET: u8 = 32;
pub const PIC_2_OFFSET: u8 = PIC_1_OFFSET + 8;

/// Two PICs: primary handles IRQ 0-7, secondary IRQ 8-15 (chained via IRQ 2).
pub static PICS: spin::Mutex<ChainedPics> =
    spin::Mutex::new(unsafe { ChainedPics::new(PIC_1_OFFSET, PIC_2_OFFSET) });

/// Vector numbers of the hardware interrupts we handle.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
#[repr(u8)]
pub enum InterruptIndex {
    Timer = PIC_1_OFFSET, // IRQ 0: Programmable Interval Timer, ~18.2 Hz by default
    Keyboard,             // IRQ 1: PS/2 keyboard
    ApicTimer = 0x40,     // each CPU's local APIC timer: time slices (~100 Hz)
    Reschedule = 0x41,    // IPI: "wake up, there's work for you"
    ApicSpurious = 0xFF,  // the APIC's "never mind" interrupt
}

impl InterruptIndex {
    fn as_u8(self) -> u8 {
        self as u8
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// IDT setup
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

lazy_static! {
    /// The IDT must live forever (`'static`): the CPU keeps a pointer to it.
    static ref IDT: InterruptDescriptorTable = {
        let mut idt = InterruptDescriptorTable::new();
        idt.breakpoint.set_handler_fn(breakpoint_handler);
        idt.page_fault.set_handler_fn(page_fault_handler);
        idt.general_protection_fault.set_handler_fn(general_protection_fault_handler);
        idt.invalid_opcode.set_handler_fn(invalid_opcode_handler);
        unsafe {
            // Run the double-fault handler on its own known-good stack (IST).
            idt.double_fault
                .set_handler_fn(double_fault_handler)
                .set_stack_index(gdt::DOUBLE_FAULT_IST_INDEX);
        }
        idt[InterruptIndex::Timer.as_u8()].set_handler_fn(timer_interrupt_handler);
        idt[InterruptIndex::Keyboard.as_u8()].set_handler_fn(keyboard_interrupt_handler);
        // PCI cards' legacy interrupts arrive on whichever IRQ line the
        // firmware routed them to (QEMU: 5, 9, 10 or 11).
        idt[PIC_1_OFFSET + 5].set_handler_fn(pci_irq5_handler);
        idt[PIC_1_OFFSET + 7].set_handler_fn(spurious_irq7_handler);
        idt[PIC_1_OFFSET + 15].set_handler_fn(spurious_irq15_handler);
        idt[PIC_1_OFFSET + 9].set_handler_fn(pci_irq9_handler);
        idt[PIC_1_OFFSET + 10].set_handler_fn(pci_irq10_handler);
        idt[PIC_1_OFFSET + 11].set_handler_fn(pci_irq11_handler);
        idt[InterruptIndex::ApicTimer.as_u8()].set_handler_fn(apic_timer_handler);
        idt[InterruptIndex::Reschedule.as_u8()].set_handler_fn(reschedule_handler);
        idt[InterruptIndex::ApicSpurious.as_u8()].set_handler_fn(spurious_handler);
        idt
    };
}

/// Load the IDT into the CPU (`lidt`). Every CPU does this once.
pub fn init_idt() {
    IDT.load();
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// CPU exception handlers
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// `int3` (what debuggers use). Harmless: print and carry on.
extern "x86-interrupt" fn breakpoint_handler(stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame) {
    println!("EXCEPTION: BREAKPOINT");
    serial_println!("EXCEPTION: BREAKPOINT\n{:#?}", stack_frame);
}

/// Did the exception happen in user mode (ring 3)? Then it's the process's
/// fault, not the kernel's: kill the process and keep the kernel running.
/// The CPU puts the interrupted code's CS in the frame; its low 2 bits are
/// the privilege level the code ran at.
fn kill_if_user(stack_frame: &InterruptStackFrame, what: &'static str) {
    use x86_64::PrivilegeLevel;
    if stack_frame.code_segment.rpl() == PrivilegeLevel::Ring3 {
        serial_println!(
            "[kernel] {} in user mode at rip {:#x}",
            what,
            stack_frame.instruction_pointer.as_u64()
        );
        crate::process::exit_current(crate::process::ExitStatus::Killed(what)); // never returns
    }
}

/// General protection fault: e.g. a privileged instruction (`hlt`, `cli`)
/// in ring 3, or a bad segment selector.
extern "x86-interrupt" fn general_protection_fault_handler(
    stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame,
    error_code: u64,
) {
    kill_if_user(&stack_frame, "general protection fault");
    panic!("EXCEPTION: GENERAL PROTECTION FAULT (error {:#x})\n{:#?}", error_code, stack_frame);
}

/// Invalid opcode (`ud2`, or garbage executed as code).
extern "x86-interrupt" fn invalid_opcode_handler(stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame) {
    kill_if_user(&stack_frame, "invalid opcode");
    panic!("EXCEPTION: INVALID OPCODE\n{:#?}", stack_frame);
}

/// Page fault: accessing unmapped/protected memory. CR2 holds the bad address,
/// the error code says why (not present? write? user mode?). A real OS would
/// load the page from disk / swap here; we kill a faulting user process, and
/// stop if the kernel itself faulted.
extern "x86-interrupt" fn page_fault_handler(
    stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame,
    error_code: PageFaultErrorCode,
) {
    use x86_64::registers::control::Cr2;
    let addr = Cr2::read_raw();
    if error_code.contains(PageFaultErrorCode::USER_MODE) {
        serial_println!("[kernel] user page fault: address {:#x}, error {:?}", addr, error_code);
        // Just below the user stack is a guard zone that's never mapped.
        if crate::process::in_user_stack_guard(addr) {
            kill_if_user(&stack_frame, "stack overflow");
        }
        kill_if_user(&stack_frame, "page fault");
    }
    // The kernel touched a kernel stack's guard page: that thread overflowed.
    if crate::stack::is_guard_page(addr) {
        crate::thread::die_of_stack_overflow(addr);
    }
    println!("EXCEPTION: PAGE FAULT at {:?}", Cr2::read());
    serial_println!(
        "EXCEPTION: PAGE FAULT\nAccessed address: {:?}\nError code: {:?}\n{:#?}",
        Cr2::read(),
        error_code,
        stack_frame
    );

    // In the deliberate page-fault demo, reaching here means success.
    #[cfg(all(feature = "headless", feature = "page-fault"))]
    {
        serial_println!("[ok] page fault was caught");
        crate::exit_qemu(crate::QemuExitCode::Success);
    }

    crate::hlt_loop();
}

/// Double fault: an exception happened while handling another one. Must not
/// return (hence `-> !`). Runs on the IST stack set up in gdt.rs.
extern "x86-interrupt" fn double_fault_handler(
    stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame,
    _error_code: u64, // always 0 for double faults
) -> ! {
    // The usual way a kernel stack overflow shows up: the thread's stack
    // pointer ran into the guard page, the page fault couldn't push its
    // frame there, and that second fault became a double fault. CR2 still
    // holds the guard page address. Kill just that thread.
    let addr = x86_64::registers::control::Cr2::read_raw();
    if crate::stack::is_guard_page(addr) {
        crate::thread::die_of_stack_overflow(addr);
    }
    serial_println!("EXCEPTION: DOUBLE FAULT\n{:#?}", stack_frame);

    // In the deliberate stack-overflow test, reaching here means success.
    #[cfg(all(feature = "headless", feature = "stack-overflow"))]
    {
        serial_println!("[ok] stack overflow was caught by the double fault handler");
        crate::exit_qemu(crate::QemuExitCode::Success);
    }

    panic!("EXCEPTION: DOUBLE FAULT");
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Hardware interrupt handlers
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Timer ticks since boot. Atomic, so it's safe to touch from an interrupt.
pub static TICKS: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);

/// PIT ticks since boot (~18.2 per second, ~55 ms each).
pub fn ticks() -> u64 {
    TICKS.load(Ordering::Relaxed)
}

/// IRQ 0 (CPU 0 only). Fires ~18.2 times per second (the PIT's power-on
/// default). It's the system clock: uptime, and waking sleeping threads.
extern "x86-interrupt" fn timer_interrupt_handler(_stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame) {
    let ticks = TICKS.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed) + 1;

    // Show uptime in the top-right corner of the screen, updated each second.
    if ticks % 18 == 0 {
        crate::vga_buffer::show_uptime(ticks / 18);
    }

    // Headless runs: a safety net in case the shell self-test hangs.
    #[cfg(feature = "headless")]
    if ticks == 60 * 18 {
        serial_println!("[failed] headless run still going after 60 s");
        crate::exit_qemu(crate::QemuExitCode::Failed);
    }

    // Tell the PIC we're done, or it will never send another timer interrupt.
    // Must happen *before* switching threads: the thread we switch to might
    // be brand new and never return through this handler.
    unsafe {
        PICS.lock().notify_end_of_interrupt(InterruptIndex::Timer.as_u8());
    }

    // Wake threads whose sleep is over (they're queued for any CPU).
    crate::thread::wake_sleepers(ticks);

    // Preemption is the APIC timer's job; before it runs, the PIT does it.
    if !crate::apic::timer_running() {
        crate::thread::schedule();
    }
}

/// Every CPU's APIC timer, ~100 times a second: time's up for the running
/// thread, let the next one have a go (see thread.rs).
extern "x86-interrupt" fn apic_timer_handler(_stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame) {
    crate::apic::eoi(); // before switching, as above
    crate::thread::timer_tick();
}

/// Another CPU queued work and saw we were idle.
extern "x86-interrupt" fn reschedule_handler(_stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame) {
    crate::apic::eoi();
    crate::thread::schedule();
}

/// Spurious APIC interrupt: ignore it (and no EOI, by the spec).
extern "x86-interrupt" fn spurious_handler(_stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame) {}

/// IRQ 1. The keyboard controller has a scancode waiting at I/O port 0x60.
/// We must read it (or no more keyboard interrupts arrive), then just queue
/// it for the async keyboard task (task/keyboard.rs) to decode and print.
extern "x86-interrupt" fn keyboard_interrupt_handler(_stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame) {
    use x86_64::instructions::port::Port;

    let mut port = Port::new(0x60);
    let scancode: u8 = unsafe { port.read() };
    crate::task::keyboard::add_scancode(scancode);

    unsafe {
        PICS.lock().notify_end_of_interrupt(InterruptIndex::Keyboard.as_u8());
    }
}

/// Unmask PIC IRQ line `irq` (and the cascade line 2 for IRQ 8-15), so a
/// PCI card's interrupts get through. Lines are masked until a driver
/// asks: an interrupt nobody handles would just fire again forever.
pub fn enable_pci_irq(irq: u8) {
    if !matches!(irq, 5 | 9 | 10 | 11) {
        return; // no handler for that line: the driver keeps polling
    }
    x86_64::instructions::interrupts::without_interrupts(|| unsafe {
        let mut pics = PICS.lock();
        let [mut primary, mut secondary] = pics.read_masks();
        if irq < 8 {
            primary &= !(1 << irq);
        } else {
            secondary &= !(1 << (irq - 8));
            primary &= !(1 << 2);
        }
        pics.write_masks(primary, secondary);
    });
}

/// A PCI device interrupted. Only the network card uses interrupts (the
/// disks are polled), so ask it; then tell the PIC we're done.
fn pci_irq(irq: u8) {
    crate::net::handle_irq();
    unsafe {
        PICS.lock().notify_end_of_interrupt(PIC_1_OFFSET + irq);
    }
}

/// *Spurious* PIC interrupts. With a level-triggered line (PCI) the device
/// can lower its line after the PIC told the CPU "interrupt!" but before
/// the CPU asked "which one?" (here: netd on another CPU read the card's ISR
/// register just then). The PIC then answers with its lowest-priority line,
/// 7 (primary) or 15 (secondary), without that line really firing. Without
/// these handlers the vector would be empty and the CPU would double fault.
/// A spurious IRQ 7 gets no end-of-interrupt (nothing is in service); a
/// spurious IRQ 15 still went through the primary's cascade line 2, so only
/// the primary gets one.
extern "x86-interrupt" fn spurious_irq7_handler(_: InterruptStackFrame) {}
extern "x86-interrupt" fn spurious_irq15_handler(_: InterruptStackFrame) {
    use x86_64::instructions::port::Port;
    unsafe { Port::<u8>::new(0x20).write(0x20) }; // EOI to the primary PIC only
}

extern "x86-interrupt" fn pci_irq5_handler(_: InterruptStackFrame) {
    pci_irq(5);
}
extern "x86-interrupt" fn pci_irq9_handler(_: InterruptStackFrame) {
    pci_irq(9);
}
extern "x86-interrupt" fn pci_irq10_handler(_: InterruptStackFrame) {
    pci_irq(10);
}
extern "x86-interrupt" fn pci_irq11_handler(_: InterruptStackFrame) {
    pci_irq(11);
}

// Runs under `cargo test`: if the handler were missing, this would fault.
#[test_case]
fn test_breakpoint_exception() {
    x86_64::instructions::interrupts::int3();
}